By Yunus S. Saliu
Just before midnight on Wednesday, February 17, 1965, in the heart of McCarthy Square, Bathurst—now Banjul—the Union Jack was saluted for the last time. Accompanied by the British National Anthem, it was solemnly lowered, marking the end of an era.
As the clock struck midnight, a new chapter in The Gambia’s history began. The Gambian flag, with its bold red, blue, and green bands separated by thin white fimbriations, was hoisted for the first time. The Police Band played the Gambian National Anthem, and the nation officially became an Independent Monarchy within the Commonwealth, with Her Majesty the Queen as the “Queen of The Gambia.”
This moment was the pinnacle of an unforgettable week of Independence celebrations. The air was filled with jubilation as Gambians witnessed the symbolic transition from colonial rule to self-governance.
February 18, 1965, marked The Gambia’s first day as an independent nation. After over four centuries of British colonial rule, the country embraced its newfound sovereignty. The streets of Banjul echoed with songs, cheers, and celebratory dances as people welcomed a new dawn of freedom and self-determination.
Today, as The Gambia reflects on its journey, the memory of that historic night remains a powerful reminder of the resilience and spirit of a nation that proudly claimed its place in the world.
It is another beautiful day that marks the country’s Independence of 1965 Diamond Jubilee today, it is important, in brief, to reflect on pre-Independence and struggle for Independence Day right of 18th February 1965. The Independence of 60 years ago saw the Union Jack Flag lowered for the last time in the country while the Gambia’s flag was hoisted for the first time and forever.
Pre-Independence in The Gambia
While today marks the 60th anniversary of the Independence from Britain, surprisingly little is being said about the past, history, and colonialism. Going down the history lane, like in any other country in Africa, The Gambia has in the past too, suffered colonial domination. The British among other things first divided the territory into two parts, the ‘protectorate’ now called province and the ‘colony’ called ‘Kombo Saint Mary.’ It was a divide-and-rule situation then as in the protectorate they got chiefs with specific mandates to fulfill for the rulers. Among their mandates were to collect tax, maintain law and order, and as well make sure those districts were kept in a manner that would satisfy those traveling Commissioners to the protectorates.
In addition to their duties, they also took up the justice system in those districts on issues involving divorce; land disputes, and among other things through the use of traditional laws.
At the colony area then, the governor was based in Bathurst. The governor ran the area by the English law, that under the colonial masters, the country was one but divided and ruled by two systems.
The Gambians were great farmers growing millet; couscous; rice and different crops mainly for feeding before the colonial masters introduced groundnut in 1830 as a cash crop. The purpose of this is not to Gambian advantage but to theirs. Hence they bought the crop from farmers after harvest but in return, farmers paid huge taxes back to them. In addition, the farmers and everyone will buy from their imported goods such as tobacco, shoes, cloth, fire arms, and gun powder.
One among the big disadvantages of this was that it led to the decline of traditional industries hence they encouraged people to stop use local materials instead advised everyone to patronize imported goods in shops. Blacksmiths were stopped from making local guns as people were advised to buy from their western made gun, so this was the nature of economy then.
There is no better word to describe Colonial society than hierarchical as governor and the European officials lived in the best and well ventilated houses in Marina Parade. So also were the European businessmen, they lived along Wellington Street in the city of Bathurst now Banjul City, capital of The Gambia today.
However, the indigenes like the educated Akus worked as clerks; secretaries; teachers among other professionals with fixed salaries. They were able to live in places like Soldier Town and even built their houses with wood. While some of them that were lawyers were able to build some storey buildings. Then the lower people from the protectorate now called provinces lived at Half-Die area in mud houses. Their major works were laborer; watchman; cleaner and even some are just panhandlers.
So colonial society was full of exploitation as they did not have any development agenda for the people and even places they met development, it was used to maximize profit for their benefits. This made them to live comfortable and took care of their comfort as they built military hospital and even in 1938 they built hospital in Bansang because they realized that more Europeans were working at the protectorate. The hospital was built because their health and care needs became apparent as there was no good road then to transport sick people from province to Bathurst.
At the hospital in Banjul then, there was special and different wards well equipped for the Europeans and European masters. While there was as well separated wards for others – residents. Obviously, the available few amenities then were for the hierarchy.
Agitation for Independence
The British colonial system of divide and rule, coupled with segregation, bias, and marginalization, sparked growing resentment, particularly among the educated elite, notably the Aku community. This, along with independence movements sweeping across Africa, fueled the desire for self-rule in The Gambia.
Before colonial rule, women played significant roles in politics, the economy, and society. For example, the lingerr (king’s mother) held immense power in the Wollof tribe, to the extent that a king would not go to war without her consent. Women were also central to the economy as traders and cultivators, ensuring food security for the nation. Culturally, they preserved traditions through songs, dance, and the upbringing of children.
However, colonial rule disrupted this dynamic. Women’s influence diminished as traditional rulers were removed—some captured, others fleeing to Sierra Leone. The economic system further disempowered women. Unlike before, people could not independently engage in trade unless they were affiliated with European trading companies such as UAC, PALMING, and CFAO. Africans were allowed to serve as agents but were prohibited from owning boats, which were essential for transporting goods, especially due to the lack of roads. They were forced to rent boats from European companies, which further weakened their economic power.
Colonial authorities also targeted cultural practices. Drumming, a significant part of Gambian heritage was banned unless authorized by colonial masters. Those caught playing drums without permission faced imprisonment. Such anti-cultural legislation not only suppressed traditional expressions but also diminished the roles of both men and women in preserving Gambian heritage.
Struggle for Independence
When discussing The Gambia’s road to independence, the role of political parties cannot be overlooked. The struggle for independence gained momentum in the 1950s, driven by key political developments. The formation and growth of political parties in The Gambia were influenced by three major events: the 1920 National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) held in Ghana, the 1945 Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester, and The Gambia’s 1947 Constitution. These events collectively galvanized political awakening, particularly in Banjul, ultimately leading to the formation of the country’s first political party in 1951.
The Gambia was represented at the NCBWA by Edward Francis Small and H. M. Jones, who returned home determined to implement the main resolution of the congress: “No taxation without representation.” Similarly, the Fifth Pan-African Congress was a significant turning point in the broader struggle for self-rule, bringing together leaders from various African nations. Garba Jahumpa and B. B. Downes-Thomas represented The Gambia, further strengthening the country’s political consciousness.
The 1947 Gambia Constitution marked the first time elections were held for the Legislative Council, though voting rights were restricted to taxpaying residents of Bathurst. Despite this limitation, the constitution encouraged the political elite to form political groups, paving the way for the rise of political parties.
The Role of the Press in the Independence Struggle
The press played a crucial role in advocating for independence. Edward Francis Small, a former student of CMS Grammar School in Freetown, returned to The Gambia and worked as a clerk before leading a movement against colonial rule. He established the newspaper The Gambia Outlook, which became a powerful tool for raising awareness and mobilizing public opinion. Other publications, such as The Gambia Echo and The Gambia Bulletin, also contributed to the spread of political awareness. Since literacy levels were low, influential individuals who had access to newspapers would read and share information with their families, friends, and neighbors, further fueling the independence movement.
Formation of Political Parties
By 1951, the colonial government recognized that continued political disenfranchisement was unsustainable. In response, political parties were officially allowed, leading to the formation of the first political party called Gambia Democratic Party (GDP) in 1951 by Reverend J. C. Faye.
In the following years, additional political parties formed as follows:
- 1952: Garba Jahumpa founded another party.
- 1954: The United Party (UP) was established by P. S. Njie.
- 1959: The People’s Progressive Party (PPP) was founded by Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara.
These political parties exerted increasing pressure on the colonial government to move toward independence, particularly as other African nations were gaining self-rule.
Expanding Political Rights
Prior to the 1950s, political participation was largely limited to Banjul residents and household heads that paid taxes—effectively excluding about 75% of the population. However, in 1959, a new constitution was introduced to address these limitations.
The most significant change came in 1960, when the constitution established universal adult suffrage, granting voting rights to all Gambians aged 21 and above. This marked the true beginning of nationwide political participation, as people from both the provinces and urban areas were finally included in the electoral process.
These political developments laid the foundation for The Gambia’s eventual independence, achieved on February 18, 1965.
Elections and Political Progress
With the introduction of full political participation for both urban and provincial populations, The Gambia held peaceful general elections in 1960 and 1962. These elections marked significant milestones in the country’s path toward self-governance.
The 1960 General Elections
A series of proclamations brought the new constitution into effect, setting the stage for a general election at the end of May 1960. On April 14, 1960, the governor dissolved the old Legislative Council, and by April 16, the date for the new constitution to take effect was set for April 19, 1960. On that same day, His Excellency appointed Returning Officers for elections in both the Colony and the Protectorate, along with an Electoral Commission, which was responsible for conducting the election of Chief Members to the House of Representatives.
Although the People’s Progressive Party (PPP), led by Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, was less than a year old, it contested the election alongside the United Party (UP) of Pierre Njie, the Congress Party (CP) of Garba Jahumpa, and the Democratic Party (DP) led by Reverend J. C. Faye.
The 1960 elections resulted in a hung elections/parliament, as no party secured a clear majority:
- United Party (UP) – 9 seats
- People’s Progressive Party (PPP) – 7 seats
- Democratic Party (DP) – 1 seat
- Independent Candidates – 2 seats
- Congress Party (CP) – 0 seats
This outcome led to political uncertainty, as UP’s 9 seats were not enough to form a majority government in the 19-seat House of Representatives. As a result, a coalition government was formed, with ministers appointed from different parties. Key appointments included:
- D. K. Jawara (PPP) – Minister of Education
- H. Semega-Janneh – Minister of Works
- Chief Omar Mbakeh – Minister (portfolio unspecified)
- A Minister from UP was also included in the coalition
Breakdown of the 1960 General Elections Results
The following chiefs were elected and officially announced on election night at MacCarthy Square, Bathurst: T. Jammeh, K. K. Sanneh, M. Sise, N. Ture, O. M’Baki, L. S. Sonko, K. Leigh, and S. F. Jarjusey
Despite the challenges of the 1960 elections, they played a crucial role in shaping The Gambia’s political landscape and setting the stage for further reforms leading to full independence.
Protectorate – Kombo
| Kombo | Elected | DK Jawara
(unopposed) |
Foni | Elected | M Sanyang |
| Not Elected | S Biyai | ||||
| Kiang | Elected | J L Daffeh | Jarra | Elected | Y Ceesay |
| Not Elected | BakariSanneh | Not Elected | K Barro | ||
| Not Elected | Landing K Sanneh | Not Elected | Y Ceesay | ||
| Niamina | Elected | S Sisay | Basse | Elected | M Baldeh |
| Not Elected | O J Ceesay | Not Elected | O J Alhaji M Krubally | ||
| Kantora | Elected | A Camara | WuliSandu | Elected | M Dabo |
| Not Elected | K Kurubally | Not Elected | A Kurubally | ||
| Not Elected | M B Sanyang | Not Elected | K Jowara | ||
| MacCarthy Island | Elected | K Leigh | Not Elected | B Singhatey | |
| Not Elected | G O M’Baki | NianiSaloum | Elected | A N Touray | |
| Not Elected | N B Dabo | Not Elected | O J Sise | ||
| Not Elected | M K Sanyang | Not Elected | B A Janneh | ||
| Baddibu | Elected | S M Dibba | NuimiJokadu | Elected | L O Sonko |
| Not Elected | M Gaye | Not Elected | K C A Kah | ||
| Not Elected | K B W Jammeh | Not Elected | F Sonko | ||
| Not Elected | F B Manneh |
Colony
| Half-Die | Elected | J H Joof | Votes | 1,009 |
| Not Elected | I M Garba- Jahumpa | 943 | ||
| Not Elected | I H S John | 42 | ||
| Jollof& Portuguese Town | Elected | A B NJie | 552 | |
| Not Elected | J E Mahoney | 432 | ||
| Not Elected | Alhaji S B Gaye | 102 | ||
| Soldier Town | Elected | M B Jones | 644 | |
| Not Elected | C R Grey-Johnson | 496 | ||
| Not Elected | Mrs A Jawara | 232 | ||
| New Town East | Elected | P S Njie | 1,017 | |
| Not Elected | A E Cham-Joof | 687 | ||
| New Town West | Elected | I B I Jobe | 617 | |
| Not Elected | M D Salla | 559 | ||
| Not Elected | A S C Able-Thomas | 189 | ||
| Kombo East | Elected | A M Demba | 647 | |
| Not Elected | S J oldfield | 624 | ||
| Kombo West | Elected | H O Samega-Janneh | 562 | |
| Not Elected | E D Njie | 450 | ||
| Not Elected | Rev J C Faye | 289 | ||
| Not Elected | M C Jobe | 70 |
Elected into House of Representatives
The following people with their constituencies were elected to the new House of Representatives in the 1960 elections.
| Name | Constituencies | Name | Constituencies | Name | Constituencies |
| MichealBaldeh | Basse | Andrew Camara | Kantora | YayaCeesay | Jarra |
| Musa Dabo | Wuli/Sandu | Jere Lang BumariDaffeh | Kiang | Aphanso Mustapha Demba | Kombo Saint Mary East |
| SherifMustafuDibba | Baddibu | SeyfuTambaJammehOBE | Head Chiefs’ Member | HowsoonOusmanSamega-Janneh | Kombo Saint Mary West |
| SeyfuSekubaJajusey | Head Chiefs’s | David KwesiJawara | Kombo | Ishmael Bun Ibrahim Jobe | New Town West |
| Melvin Benoni Jones | Solidier Town | Joseph Henry Joof | Half-Die | KebbaNiamian Leigh | MacCarthy Island |
| SeyfuKoba Leigh | Head Chiefs’ Member | Seyfu Omar M’Baki | Head Chiefs’ Member | AlieuBadaraNjie | Jollof& Portuguese Town |
| Pierre SarrNjie | New town East | SeyfuKaramoKabbaSannehMBE | Head Chiefs’ Member | MomaduSanyang | Foni |
| Sheriff Sahib Sisay | Niamina | SeyfuMatarrSiseMBE | Head Chiefs’ Member | SeyfuLaminSakoli Son | Head Chiefs’ Member |
| Landing Omar Sonko | Niumi/Jokadu | AlhasanN’DeryTouray | Niani/Saloum | SeyfuNjunduTure | Head Chiefs’ Member |
Following these elections the Civil Secretary received a message from His Excellency Governor which read as follows:
“The Elections are over and will be regarded as model of efficiency and smooth working. I know this is due to hard work and willing cooperation, together with imagination and good humour from a large number of government officers and helpers who are too many to mention by name and include officers of the Administration, the Public Works Department, the Police and many others who worked as Returning Officers and Clerks at the polling stations. It is clear that our new voting machine was a great success and I am sure that voters and candidates alike would join with me in expressing appreciation and admiration for the good work of all concerned which reflects great credit and is an achievement of which we can be proud.”
The struggle continued in 1962 people called for other elections. In this 1962 elections, the People’s Progressive Party emerged winner. It was a much clearer election and Sir D K Jawara was appointed Chief Minister. The below was the outcome of The Gambia General Elections of 31st May 1962.
The Gambia general elections of 31st May 1962
The 1962 election was the country’s second election under universal adult suffrage and a constitution granting Internal Self-government to The Gambia. More so, the number of constituencies increased to 32 in the House of Representatives, and at that time the Governor of The Gambia was Sir John KCMG, OBE, MC.
The below results were the elections of only those elected for the 32 constituencies:
Colony
| Electoral District | Elected Candidates | Party |
| Half-Die | Joseph Henry Joof | Up |
| Jollof& Portuguese Town | AlieuBadaraNjie | DCA |
| Soldier Town | Melvin Benoni Jones | UP |
| New Town East | Pierre SarrNjie | UP |
| New Town West | Ishmael Bun I Jobe | UP |
| Bakau | Alphanso M Demba | PPP |
| Serrekunda | H O Semega-Janneh | UP |
Protectorate – Western Division
| Electoral District | Elected Candidates | Party |
| Foni East | Momodou N Sanyang | PPP |
| Foni West | Bakary L K Sanyang | PPP |
| Kombo East | David KwesiJawara | PPP |
| Kombo South | FamaraWassaTouray | PPP |
Lower River Division
| Electoral District | Elected Candidates | Party |
| Kiang West | AmangKanyi | PPP (Unopposed) |
| Kiang East | Jerreh L B Daffeh | PPP |
| Jarra | YayaCeesay | PPP |
| SabachSanjal | Yusupha Samba | PPP |
| Illiassa | LaminMboge | PPP |
| Central Badibu | Sherif M Dibba | PPP |
| Lower Badibu | KaliluSinghateh | PPP |
| Jokadu | Kebba C A Kah | UP |
| Niumi | FodayFamaraSonko | UP |
MacCarthy Island Division
| Electoral District | Elected Candidates | Party |
| Saloum | EbrimaDaourNjie | UP |
| Niani | Demba Cham | PPP |
| Sami | Kebba Leigh | PPP |
| Upper Fuladu West | NumukundaDarbo | UP |
| Upper Fuladu East | Paul Baldeh | PPP |
| Niamina | Sheriff Ceesay | PPP |
Upper River Division
| Electoral District | Elected Candidates | Party |
| Jimara | DembaJagama | UP |
| Basse | Michael Baldeh | UP |
| Tumana | Momodou Cham | UP |
| Kantora | Andrew Camara | UP |
| Wuli | BangallySinghateh | PPP |
| Sandu | Musa Darboe | PPP |
Though the above 1962 elections clearly showed that the PPP won the elections the majority of supporters were in the provinces while the urban area was for the upheld by the UP.
In 1963 Sir D K Jawara was appointed the Premier and later in October 1963, he was made the Prime Minister.
Full Internal Self-Government
In the struggle for Independence, a lot happened during the process. But on October 4, 1963 the day The Gambia attained Full Internal Self-Government. Below was a message broadcasted on that day by His Excellency the Governor and the Prime Minister. The messages read as follows:
The Governor’s Broadcast
“Today, The Gambia makes a further very significant advance in her orderly progress towards full determination. With the attainment of full internal self-government, we have now reached the last but one stage in the normal pattern of constitutional development.
It is important to remember on this great day that the attainment of full internal self-government is in no way haphazard: It is rather a development in controlled and coherent policies which over the years have progressively developed on Gambians the responsibility for running their own affairs.
This notable advance is not only a sure sign of the confidence which can be placed on the unquestioned ability and the accepted right of Gambians to manage their own affairs: It is a sure sign of the rapidly increasing political consciousness of the people of the Gambia as a whole, a development which must be attributed largely to enlightened political leadership throughout the country.
Today is a day for looking forward. The next stage in our constitutional advance brings with it as you all know, great and complex problems which will allow of no simple solution if the question of the Gambia’s future is to be settled happily and satisfactorily. The statesmanlike way in which our affairs have been handled by the government under our present constitution gives us every reason to believe, however, that the far-reaching powers now conferred on Ministers by the new constitution will provide the opportunity and the basis on which the Gambia will be able to prove conclusively that she is ready and fully capable of winning for herself a respected place in this modern world.
For myself I am very proud to have been associated with the progress which has culminated in the attainment of full internal self-government; and all ;those who in one way or another have contributed to this advancement and who have the interest of this country at heart likewise have occasion to be proud and, for the moment, well content. But let us remember that “Independence” is hard work in the economic field and mutual respect and maturity of outlook throughout the political field. Only in observing this things shall we be sure of making today’s advance the steppingstone to further progress.
In conveying to you all my own good wishes, I have also the pleasant duty to transmit to the government and to the people of The Gambia the warm good wishes of the British government on the occasion of the Gambia’s attainment of full self-government.”
Prime Minister’s broadcast
“My fellow Countrymen and Friends, I am proud and happy to be speaking to you on this unique and memorable day in the history of the Gambia. Today as we celebrate the achievement of Full International Self-Government, the last milestone on our road to Freedom and Independence, we may all rejoice, and be thankful and happy that we have reached it in unity and concord without upheaval and disorder. This enviable record of orderly progress was not achieved without the exercise of tolerance, patience, self sacrifice, good humour, and good sense on your part, and I should like to take this opportunity to congratulate you all on this important achievement.
As we celebrate we should, however, remember that this joyous occasion did not happen in isolation. We have had long contact with the outside world, each contact influencing to a more or less degree the course of our history. We are told by historians that our magnificent river was visited by ships sailed by Phoenicians from the Mediterranean Sea some 2,500 years ago. But it was during the last 500 years that contact was made with various European nations which were destined to leave its indelible mark on our institutions and our way of life. The most momentous of these contacts with Europe took place when some English merchants sailed up the river and established trade with the Gambia in 1587, using the river both for trade and for further exploration of the interior of the continent.
However, it was not until 1661 that the English occupation really began when they took possession of James Islands and established their authority over the lower Gambia basin against the claims of other European powers. But the boundaries of the Gambia as we know them today were not delimited until after agreement of 1889 between the English and the French who then controlled the adjacent Senegal.
On the constitutional side, our road to self-government may be said to have begun in 1888 when Gambia was finally separated from Sierra Leone for purposes of administration and acquired its own Legislative Council. At first, however, this council consisted entirely of European officials but as time went on prominent Gambians were nominated to it. In 1947 a significant change was made when a new constitution created a majority of nominated unofficial Gambians over the European officials. Since then there have been a succession of constitutions, in 1951, in 1954, in 1960 and 1962 which progressively increased our area of autonomy.
Today as we inaugurate a new climax in this constitutional evolution we should remember those veteran political leaders, statesman, patriots, both men and women; past and present, who played their invaluable part in bringing our goal of Independence within sight.
We of the younger generation who have stepped into their shoes will endeavor to carry the torch which they have lit, to the honour of the Gambia and of Africa, and pass it on to succeeding generations. For not only shall we strive for complete political emancipation but also for economic and social progress in the context for African Unity and International Understanding and Cooperation.
I must also pay tribute to the British government and people for their understanding and appreciation of our aspirations to Freedom and Independence, and for their positive contribution in bequeathing to us a whole range of institutions, including Parliamentary Democracy, a Civil Service of the highest traditions and an impartial and Independent Judiciary.
Of an association with Senegal I will say this; we intend that Gambia should retain its separate identity and its separate culture which has been built up over the centuries. At the same time, we sincerely look forward to the closest possible association with the inhabitants of Senegal who are in so many respect our brothers and partners.
I am therefore glad that the Secretary General of the United Nations has just nominated an outstandingly brilliant team of experts to carry out an impartial examination of the problems of association between the Gambia and Senegal. Their report when it comes will not be binding on either Gambia or Senegal, but I am sure it will furnish useful data on which to base our own study of the complex problems involved.I can assure you that when we come to study the Team’s findings we shall not be guided by anything except the greater good of the Gambia now and for countless generations to come. We should all welcome these experts, who I hope will soon arrive here, and help them as much as possible in their very important work.
When I look back on the record of the past, we can all be justly proud of the way in which genuine democratic has developed in this country in a most happy and orderly manner. The elected government, of which I have the honour to be the head, will continue to follow genuine democracy principles. To this end the new amendments to our Constitution introduce among other things clauses for Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual. We shall work for the economic development of the country and try to raise living standards.
All these are worthy goals, but let us not imagine that we can go anywhere near realizing them without the wholehearted cooperation of all men and women. For example, genuine democratic principles cannot be long maintained unless every citizen continues to pay due regard to law and order and to observe the rules of democracy. The Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual cannot be long protected unless every individual respects the rights of others according to the law of the land. We cannot improve the economy and raise living standards unless we all put our shoulders to the weal and work hard to our own benefit and to that of the country as a whole.
Finally, we shall work for early Independence of the Gambia, and where we have the influence we shall work for the Unity of the African People.”
1964 Marlborough Conference, London
The attainment of full internal self-government marked the final stage in the normal pattern of constitutional development, reflecting the confidence of the Gambians and their right to manage their own affairs. This progress was fueled by an increased political consciousness among Gambians across the country.
As the governor stated in his speech, “Independence is hard work in the economic field and requires mutual respect and maturity of outlook throughout the political field.” However, in 1994, political parties began to escalate their pressure for independence once again.
This urgency stemmed from two elections held in 1960 and 1962 within two years, leading to heightened demands for the colonial government to announce a date for Independence Day.
Consequently, all political parties were invited to London in July 1964 for a conference held at Marlborough House, which is why it is referred to as the “1964 Marlborough Conference.” During this meeting, the political leaders decided not to return to The Gambia until the British government provided a specific date for independence. The meeting proved to be significant and productive; hence it was called the ‘Marlborough House Talk.’ They ultimately insisted on a proposed date of February 18, 1965.
Role of Women in the Struggle for Independence
When discussing the role of political parties in the struggle for independence, it is impossible to ignore the contributions of the press and women leaders like ‘Yaye Compin.’ During that period, especially in Bathurst, most of the voters were women. This was primarily because, during the groundnut season, many residents of Bathurst traveled to the provinces for six months, leaving behind their wives. As a result, women became a crucial electoral force.
These women actively supported political parties such as the People’s Democratic Party (PPP) and the United Party (UP) by mobilizing voters for campaigns. Many of these women were successful businesspeople who provided financial support to these political parties. In reality, some politicians relied heavily on these wealthy women traders, who financed the endeavors of political parties. Additionally, within their households, women played a vital role by ensuring their homes were well-maintained and caring for their children, thereby allowing their husbands to focus on the struggle for independence.
The Independence Constitution of The Gambia
As of January 1965, the draft of The Gambia Independence Constitution (The Gambia Independence) Order was still under development, making it impossible to anticipate its final provisions. However, an excerpt from The Gambia News Bulletin published on January 16, 1965, read:
“Following the Independence Conference in London last July, it is possible to summarize and explain the main provisions that will be included in the new constitution. This summary aims to present these provisions in ordinary language for the benefit of the general public.”
Among the various topics addressed in the Constitution were Citizenship of The Gambia, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, the establishment of a new independent state, the creation of a Parliament for The Gambia, and provisions protecting the pension rights of public officers.
Preparation for the Independence Day Celebration
Starting from the Marlborough Talks in July 1964, when a date was set for the Independence Day celebration, preparations for the event continued through February 1965. These preparations included composing a national anthem and pledge, designing a national flag and coat of arms, and arranging accommodations for guests. At that time, there was only one hotel in The Gambia, the Corinthian Hotel (now known as Laico Atlantic Hotel and Resort) located in Bathurst. The preparations also involved cultural performances, a student march-past, a banquet, and various other activities.
Independence Gifts from Britain
Independence Day was scheduled for February 18th, 1965. The gifts from the British government and the House of Commons to The Gambia, marking the independence of Britain’s last dependency in West Africa, were announced in the House of Commons on February 1, 1965, by Prime Minister Harold Wilson in a written reply to a question from the Leader of the Opposition, Sir Alec Douglas Home.
The gifts included a set of cabinet furniture and a silver inkstand, with the House of Commons contributing a Speaker’s Chair. Additionally, the British government extended warm wishes and congratulations to The Gambia in celebration of its independence.
This tradition of presenting gifts from the British government and the House of Commons to newly independent countries within the Commonwealth had a long-standing history during the colonial era.
Speech on Independence Day Celebration
Series of speech were made at the eve and day of the celebration. Among those that delivered the speech were His Excellency the first and the last Governor-General of The Gambia; Prime Minster; ….. The following are excerpts of their speech.
His Excellency the Governor General’s speech
After he had been sworn-in as the last Governor and the first Governor-General of The Gambiaon MacCarthy Square, Bathurst, at the Independence Day Parade on Thursday, 18th February 1965 His Excellency Sir John Paul, KCMG, OBE, MC delivered the following speech:
“Mr Prime Minister, Chief Justice, Ministers, Members of Parliament, distinguished visitors and guests:
This morning I speak to you as the last Governor and the first Governor-General of The Gambia and I know that you will understand if I speak principally to Gambians and if I speak personally.
You will understand too, I am sure, if I find it difficult to express what is in my mind on this great occasion for I speak from differing emotions; from pride that it should have fallen on me to be your first Governor-General; and from humility when I appreciate how much I and this country owe to my predecessors in office and to all those who have served her faithfully over the years; from respect for the Gambian way of life and from confidence because of what this way of life means for the future.
For all of us this is a day for looking forward – for many of us it is a day for looking back. Looking back and remembering the countless men and women of different tongues who in the past and in the present have contributed in varying measure to the task of building this new nation. This is no time to name names; and indeed, it would be impossible to tell the tale of all those who, in many walks of life, whether as teachers, or missionaries, or merchants, or civil servants and politicians, both in the United Kingdom and in The Gambia, have assistant in welding the diverse peoples of The Gambia into an independent nation State.
It is these men and women that we should remember today, because independence has not been achieved in any haphazard fashion, but rather by all these people working in concert towards a common goal. Today that goal has been achieved following a carefully measured and consistent policy of reparation and training for nationhood, each step of which has been purposefully planned in full consultation not only between representatives of the various sections of the Gambian community, but also with the government of the United Kingdom which today finally relinquishes its authority over The Gambia. A policy which has been based on certain fundamental principles: on the principle that the people have the right to choose their own from of government and fully to take part in it: on the principle that the public service should be the servant of all the people: on the principles of the Rule of Law; and on the principle that it is community decency to treat all people, however humble, with kindness and consideration.
These are principles which had been shared and honoured by Gambia and British alike in the pre-independence period and it is with principles enshrined in the Independence Constitution that The Gambia goes forward into the future.
But important as these things are providing a sure foundation for further development, they are not, of course sufficient in themselves to sustain the development.
Today The Gambia has attained her freedom: she has yet to attain a reasonable level of prosperity for all her people.
This is the real challenge and with our limited natural resources, it is a formidable one. But it becomes less formidable when we have heed of the courage and balance of our present leaders and to the human resources of The Gambian people – to your capacity to remain at peace and to compose your differences amicable; to your faith and to your dignity and discipline; for without these things there can be no real happiness.
For my part, I too am proud and happy to have accompanied you on the last stage of your journey to Independence and I am deeply honoured that The Queen, on the recommendation of our Prime Minister, should have appointed me as the first Governor-General of the Gambia, thereby allowing me to accompany you yet a little further: but I gratefully concede that this honour would not have fallen on me had it not been for the kindness and the help which I and my wife have received from the people throughout The Gambia; for this we are deeply grateful. Especially I would like to pay tribute on this occasion to the Prime Minister and his Ministers for their patience, restraint and cooperation over these last two and a half years; and I would like to thank too those senior Civil Servants who kept faith with the government over this period.
In return I pledge my humble duty to the government and people of The Gambia and to her Majesty The Queen, whose representative in The Gambia I now become.
I pray that God may help, preserve and prosper this small settlement of peace and sanity in a world which, in many regions, so sadly lacks these qualities and which could learn much from The Gambia’s respect for tolerance, good faith and humanity.”
Prime Minister’s speech
Broadcasted on the eveof Independence Day
“In a few hours we shall be entering what can be described as a new era in the constitutional history of The Gambia – the transfer of power which will grant us the right to determine and manage our own affairs. In other words, in a few hours’ time our country will become an Independent Sovereign State.
At this important point in our history, it is proper that we should pay tribute to all those who have contributed to our country’s evolution and development. First of all, these are all those political leaders who preceded us, and some of whom are not with us today. There are the missionaries who, over a century ago, laid down the foundations of our educational system. There are the public servants, both Gambian and overseas, who have given of their best to lay down a sound foundation for our Civil Service and there are those who have given unstintingly of their time and energy in voluntary service to their country and their fellow citizens.
Above all I would like to pay tribute to my Ministers and fellow members of the House for the vital role they have played in our country’s evolution to Independence and for their cooperation and support.
All this, however, would have been of no avail if the bulk to the Gambian people themselves did not recognize their birthright to Freedom and Independence, and pursue their goal, not only with determination, but also with patience, tolerance and understanding.
Finally, I must pay tribute to our last Governor, and first Governor-General Sir John Warburton Paul, for his sympathetic understanding of our problems, and to the British government and people for the smooth way in which power is being transferred to the Gambian people, in an atmosphere of harmony, friendliness and cooperation.
We must realize, however, that we shall be entering into Independence wish many and varied problems, and the world will be watching to see how we deal with them. Let us therefore put away any differences, political or traditional, and work together as one family in order to achieve the economic and financial stability which, you will agree, we so urgently need at present if we are to improve our standard of living and eliminate poverty and illiteracy. The work that now confronts us cannot be underestimated, and therefore there can be no room for complacency. In the circumstances, I am appealing to everyone once again to work harder, so that it would not be long when we too can play an important part in world affairs.
With confidence, sincerity, self sacrifice and determination, therefore, let all face the duty which now devolves on us and God will bless The Gambia with prosperity and peace.”
The Duke of Kent’s Speech
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The Gambia attains full Independence at a time of rapid change and bewildering conflict both in Africa and in many parts of the world and it is a time when tolerance, understanding and good neighborliness are of the utmost importance.
The Commonwealth of Nations, which the Gambia joins as a full member today and which comprises so vast an association of different people, can make a great contribution to the peace and stability of the world, and I am sure that The Gambia with her proud traditions can in her turn make a valuable contribution to the aims of the Commonwealth and also to the Councils of the African continent.
On this day when The Gambia takes up the full responsibilities of independent nationhood, I offer you my heartfelt good wishes and pray that your people will continue to go forward in freedom, justice and unity amongst yourselves and inbrotherhood with all the peoples of Africa and the Commonwealth.
May God bless you all.
Mr Prime Minister, I have it in Command from The Queen to present to you, as the representative of the people of The Gambia, the Constitutional Instruments embodying the Independence of The Gambia.”
His Royal Highness then turned to the Prime Minister, the Honourable D K Jawara, and handed the Constitutional Instruments to him. Smiling and obviously very happy, the Prime Minister displayed the Constitutional Instruments to the applauding assembly, and then handed them to the Solicitor General, Mr S H A George.
The First Cabinet Member in 1965
As The Gambia got and celebrated its Independence Thursday, February 18th 1965, March 4th 1965, the country got the first cabinet member. They are as follows:
Prime Minister – Hon David KwesiJawara
Minister of Finance – Hon Sherrif S Seesay
Minister of Local Government, Labour and Lands – Hon S M Dibba
Minister of Agriculture – Hon AmangKanyi
Minister of Works and Communications – Hon Andrew Camara
Minister of Education and Welfare – Hon Paul Baldeh
Minister of Health – Hon E D Njie
Attorney General – Hon P R Bridges, QC
Minister of States for External Affairs and Resident Minister, Dakar-
Designate Alhaji the Hon A B Njie
Sources/References:
Hassoum Ceesay – Historian/Author and Director General of National Centre for Arts and Culture (NCAC)
The record office/National Archive
The Gambia Echo
The Gambia News Bulletin
The Gambia Outlook
